بعض المصطلحات الخاصة بالايكيدو

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وهذه ايضا بعض المصطلحات ايضا ولكن ترجمتها بالأنجليزي
Ranks and titles:


Ranks and titles:
Kohai Junior student
Sempai Senior student
Sensei Instructor
Shihan A senior teacher, properly used within the school only, when outside, use sensei
Kyu Student grade, from 6 up to 1, the nanakyu, rokyu , gokyu , yonkyu , sankyu , nikkyu , ikkyu
Dan More advanced grades, from 1 to 10: shodan , nidan , sandan , yondan , godan , rokudan , nanadan , hachidan , kudan , judan
Yudansha Members with dan grades
Mudansha Members with kyu grades
Soke Head of style (actually head of family, unifier of gods and lineage)
Doshu Head of the way (currently Kisshomaru Ueshiba)
Kaicho "Owner" of school (organization) eg. Sei Do Kai
Kancho "Owner" of school (building, hall) eg. Yugen Kan
Dojo-cho "Leader" of a dojo
O Sensei Great Teacher (Ueshiba, Morihei)



Techniques:


Techniques:
Ukemi Lit. "receiving with the body"
Kumitachi Sword partnership practice
Kumijo Staff partnership practices
Tachi dori Sword takeaways
Tanto dori Knife takeaways
Atemi-waza Techniques to strike a vital point
Hanashi-waza Techniques from escaping from holds; also known as hazushi-waza
Hanmi-handachi waza One person standing, one person sitting techniques
Henka waza Varied technique. Especially beginning one technique and changing to another in mid-execution
Hitori waza "invisible partner practice"
Jiju waza Free-style practice of techniques. Usually a set of attacks or techniques. It is different from Randori where everything is allowed.
Kaeshi-waza Counter techniques
Kansetsu-waza Dislocation techniques
Katame-waza Grappling techniques; consisting of osae waza, kensetsu waza, and shime waza
Kihon-waza Fundamental techniques
Nagashi waza Flowing from one technique to next
Ne waza Grappling techniques
Oji waza To block and then counterattack
Omote waza Techniques that are revealed to the public
Osae waza Pinning techniques.
Shi waza A counter technique
Sukashi waza Techniques performed without allowing the attacker to complete a grab or to initiate a strike.
Sutemi waza a technique accomplished by sacrificing your body
Suwari waza Techniques executed with both uke and nage in a seated position.
Tachi waza Standing techniques.
Te-waza Hand techniques (as opposed to weapons)
Uchi-waza Striking techniques
Ushiro-waza Techniques from rear attacks
Uke-waza Blocking techniques



The uniform:


The uniform:
Tenugui Small hand cloth to wipe face. Also worn under the helmet in kendo.
Keiko gi, do gi, gi Practice uniform.
Embu gi Demonstration top / uniform.
Kesa Lapel / part of monk's costume hanging from left shoulder.
Mon Family crests on uniform
Montsuki Wide sleaved top with mon on chest, sleeve and back.
Sode Sleeve, on practice top.
Tanomo Large sleeves on formal tops.
Uwa gi Practice top.
Zekken Chest patch embroidered with own name and dojo name.
Obi Belt (White belt , Black belt
Hakama Split skirt, wide legged pants.
Hera Peg in back of hakama.
Matadachi Split in side of hakama.
Koshiita Back plate on hakama.
Tabi Japanese sock-slippers used in dojo.
Zori Japanese sandals for use outside dojo. Sandals worn off the mat to help keep the mat clean!



Miscellaneous aikido terms:


Term Definition
Agatsu "Self victory." According to the founder, true victory (MASAKATSU) is the victory one achieves over oneself (AGATSU). Thus one of the founder's "slogans" was MASAKATSU AGATSU -- "The true victory of self-mastery."
Aikido The word "aikido" is made up of three Japanese characters: AI - harmony, KI - spirit, mind, or universal energy, DO - the Way. Thus aikido is "the Way of Harmony with Universal Energy." However, AIKI may also be interpreted as "accommodation to circumstances." This latter interpretation is somewhat non- standard, but it avoids certain undesirable metaphysical commitments and also epitomizes quite well both the physical and psychological facets of aikido.
Aikidoka A practitioner of aikido.
Aikikai "Aiki association." A term used to designate the organization created by the founder for the dissemination of aikido.
Ai Nuke "Mutual escape." An outcome of a duel where each participant escapes harm. This corresponds to the ideal of aikido according to which a conflict is resolved without injury to any party involved.
Ai Uchi "Mutual kill." An outcome of a duel where each participant kills the other. In classical Japanese swordmanship, practitioners were often encouraged to enter a duel with the goal of achieving at least an AI UCHI. The resolution to win the duel even at the cost of one's own life was thought to aid in cultivating an attitude of single-minded focus on the task of cutting down one's opponent. This single-minded focus is exemplified in aikido in the technique, IKKYO, where one enters into an attacker's range in order to effect the technique.
Ashi Sabaki Footwork. Proper footwork is essential in aikido for developing strong balance and for facilitating ease of movement.
Atemi (lit. Striking the Body) Strike directed at the attacker for purposes of unbalancing or distraction. Atemi is often vital for bypassing or "short-circuiting" an attacker's natural responses to aikido techniques. The first thing most people will do when they feel their body being manipulated in an unfamiliar way is to retract their limbs and drop their center of mass down and away from the person performing the technique. By judicious application of atemi, it is possible to create a "window of opportunity" in the attacker's natural defenses, facilitating the application of an aikido technique.
Bokken or Bokuto Wooden sword. Many aikido movements are derived from traditional Japanese fencing. In advanced practice, weapons such as the BOKKEN are used in learning subtleties of certain movements, the relationships obtaining between armed and unarmed techniques, defenses against weapons, and the like.
Budo "Martial way." The Japanese character for "BU" (martial) is derived from characters meaning "stop" and (a weapon like a) "halberd." In conjunction, then, "BU" may have the connotation "to stop the halberd." In aikido, there is an assumption that the best way to prevent violent conflict is to emphasize the cultivation of individual character. The way (DO) of AIKI is thus equivalent to the way of BU, taken in this sense of preventing or avoiding violence so far as possible.
Chokusen Direct. Thus CHOKUSEN NO IRIMI = direct entry.
Chudan "Middle position." Thus CHUDAN NO KAMAE = a stance characterized by having one's hands/sword in a central position with respect to one's body.
Chushin Center. Especially, the center of one's movement or balance.
Do Way/path. The Japanese character for "DO" is the same as the Chinese character for Tao (as in "Taoism"). In aikiDO, the connotation is that of a way of attaining enlightenment or a way of improving one's character through aiki.
Dojo Literally "place of the Way." Also "place of enlightenment." The place where we practice aikido. Traditional etiquette prescribes bowing in the direction of the shrine (KAMIZA) or the designated front of the dojo (SHOMEN) whenever entering or leaving the dojo.
Dojo Cho The head of the dojo. A title. Currently, Moriteru Ueshiba (grandson of the founder) is DOJO CHO at World Aikido Headquarters ("HOMBU DOJO") in Tokyo, Japan.
Domo Arigato Gozaimashita Japanese for "thank you very much." At the end of each class, it is proper to bow and thank the instructor and those with whom you've trained.
Doshu Head of the way (currently Kisshomaru Ueshiba, son of aikido's founder, Morihei Ueshiba). The highest official authority in IAF aikido.
Fudo Shin "Immovable mind." A state of mental equanimity or imperturbability. The mind, in this state, is calm and undistracted (metaphorically, therefore, "immovable"). FUDO MYO is a Buddhist guardian deity who carries a sword in one hand (to destroy enemies of the Buddhist doctrine), and a rope in the other (to rescue sentient beings from the pit of delusion, or from Buddhist hell-states). He therefore embodies the two-fold Buddhist ideal of wisdom (the sword) and compassion (the rope). To cultivate FUDO SHIN is thus to cultivate a mind which can accomodate itself to changing circumstances without compromise of ethical principles.
Fukushidoin A formal title whose connotation is something approximating "assistant instructor."
Furi Kaburi Sword-raising movement. This movement in found especially in IKKYO, IRIMI-NAGE, and SHIHO-NAGE.
Gedan Lower position. GEDAN NO KAMAE is thus a stance with the hands or a weapon held in a lower position.
Gi/Dogi/Keiko Gi Training costume. Either judo-style or karate-style GI are acceptable in most DOJO, but they must be white and cotton. (No black satin GI with embroidered dragons. Please.)
Hakama Divided skirt usually worn by black-belt ranks. In some DOJO, the HAKAMA is also worn by women of all ranks, and in some DOJO by all practitioners.
Hara One's center of mass, located about 2" below the navel. Traditionally this was thought to be the location of the spirit/mind/(source of KI). Aikido techniques should be executed as much as possible from or through one's HARA.
Hasso no Kamae "Figure-eight" stance. The figure eight does not correspond to the arabic numeral "8", but rather to the Chinese/Japanese character which looks more like the roof of a house. In HASSO NO KAMAE, the sword is held up beside one's head, so that the elbows spread down and out from the sword in a pattern resembling this figure-eight character.
Henka Waza Varied technique. Especially beginning one technique and changing to another in mid-execution. Ex. beginning IKKYO but changing to IRIMI-NAGE.
Hombu Dojo A term used to refer to the central dojo of an organization. Thus this usually designates Aikido World Headquarters. (see Aikikai)
Jinja A (shinto) shrine. There is an AIKI JINJA located in Iwama, Ibaraki prefecture, Japan.
Jiyu Waza Free-style practice of techniques. This usually involves more than one attacker who may attack NAGE in any way desired.
Jo Wooden staff about 4'-5' (¨127 cm) in length. The JO originated as a walking stick. It is unclear how it became incorporated into aikido. Many JO movements come from traditional Japanese spear- fighting, others may have come from jo-jutsu, but many seem to have been innovated by the founder. The JO is usually used in advanced practice.
Jodan Upper position. JODAN NO KAMAE is thus a stance with the hands or a weapon held in a high position.
Kaeshi Waza Technique reversal. (UKE becomes NAGE and vice- versa). This is usually a very advanced form of practice. KAESHI WAZA practice helps to instill a sensitivity to shifts in resistance or direction in the movements of one's partner. Training so as to anticipate and prevent the application of KAESHI WAZA against one's own techniques greatly sharpens aikido skills.
Kaiso A title. The founder of aikido (i.e., Morihei Ueshiba).
Kamae A posture or stance either with or without a weapon. KAMAE may also connote proper distance (MA AI) with respect to one's partner. Although "KAMAE" generally refers to a physical stance, there is an important prallel in aikido between one's physical and one's psychological bearing. Adopting a strong physical stance helps to promote the correlative adoption of a strong psychological attitude. It is important to try so far as possible to maintain a positive and strong mental bearing in aikido.
Kami A divinity, living force, or spirit. According to SHINTO, the natural world is full of KAMI, which are often sensitive or responsive to the actions of human beings.
Kamiza A small shrine, especially in an aikido, generally located the the front of the dojo, and often housing a picture of the founder, or some calligraphy. One generally bows in the direction of the KAMIZA when entering or leaving the dojo, or the mat.
Kansetsu Waza Joint manipulation techniques.
Kata A "form" or prescribed pattern of movement, especially with the JO in aikido. (But also "shoulder.")
Katame waza "Hold-down" (pinning) techniques.
Katana What is vulgarly called a "samurai sword."
Katsu Jinken "The sword that saves life." As Japanese swordsmanship became more and more influenced by Buddhism (especially Zen Buddhism) and Taoism, practitioners became increasingly interested in incorporating ethical principles into their discipline. The consumate master of sworsmanship, according to some such practitioners, should be able not only to use the sword to kill, but also to save life. The concept of KATSU JIN KEN found some explicit application in the development of techniques which would use non-cutting parts of the sword to strike or control one's opponent, rather than to kill him/her. The influence of some of these techniques can sometimes be seen in aikido. Other techniques were developed by which an unarmed person (or a person unwilling to draw a weapon) could disarm an attacker. These techniques are frequently practiced in aikido. (see SETSU NIN TO)
Keiko Training. The only secret to success in aikido.
Ken Sword.
Kensho Enlightenment. (see MOKUSO and SATORI)
Ki Mind. Spirit. Energy. Vital-force. Intention. (Chinese = chi) For many Aikidoka, the primary goal of training in aikido is to learn how to "extend" KI, or to learn how to control or redirect the KI of others. There are both "realist" and anti-realist interpretations of KI. The KI-realist takes KI to be, literally, a kind of "stuff," "energy," or life-force which flows within the body. Developing or increasing one's own KI, according to the KI- realist, thus confers upon the aikidoka greater power and control over his/her own body, and may also have the added benefits of improved health and longevity. According to the KI-anti-realist, KI is a concept which covers a wide range of psycho-physical phenomena, but which does not denote any objectively existing "energy" or "stuff." The KI-anti-realist believes, for example, that to "extend KI" is just to adopt a certain kind of positive psychological disposition and to correlate that psychological dispositon with just the right combination of balance, relaxation, and judicious application of physical force. Since the description "extend KI" is somewhat more manageable, the concept of KI has a class of well-defined uses for the KI-anti-realist, but does not carry with it any ontological commitments beyond the scope of mainstream scientific theories.
Kiai A shout delivered for the purpose of focussing all of one's energy into a single movement. Even when audible KIAI are absent, one should try to preserve the feeling of KIAI at certain crucial points within aikido techniques.
Kihon (Something which is) fundamental. There are often many seemingly very different ways of performing the same technique in aikido. To see beneath the surface features of the technique and grasp the core common is to comprehend the KIHON.
Ki Musubi KI NO MUSUBI = Literally "knotting/tying-up KI". The act/process of matching one's partner's movement/intention at its inception, and maintaining a connection to one's partner throughout the application of an aikido technique. Proper KI MUSUBI requires a mind that is clear, flexible, and attentive. (see SETSUZOKU)
Kohai A student junior to oneself.
Kokoro "Heart or mind." Japanese folk psychology does not distinguish clearly between the seat of intellect and the seat of emotion as does Western folk psychology.
Kokyu Breath. Part of aikido is the development of "KOKYU RYOKU", or "breath power." This is the coordination of breath with movement. A prosaic example: When lifting a heavy object, it is generally easier when breathing out. Also breath control may facilitate greater concentration and the elimination of stress. In many traditional forms of meditation, focus on the breath is used as a method for developing heightened concentration or mental equanimity. This is also the case in aikido. A number of exercises in aikido are called "KOKYU HO," or "breath exercises." These exercises are meant to help one develop KOKYU RYOKU.
Kotodama A practice of intoning various sounds (phonetic components of the Japanese language) for the purpose of producing mystical states. The founder of aikido was greatly interested in Shinto and Neo-shinto mystical practices, and he incorporated a number of them into his personal aikido practice.
Ku Emptiness. According to Buddhism, the fundamental character of things is absence (or emptiness) of individual unchanging essences. The realization of the essencelessness of things is what permits the cultivation of psychological non-attachment, and thus cognitive equanimity. The direct realization of (or experience of insight into) emptiness is enlightenment. This shows up in aikido in the ideal of developing a state of cognitive openness, permiting one to respond immediately and intuitively to changing circumstances (see MOKUSO).
Kumijo JO matching exercise (partner practice).
Kumitachi Sword matching exercise (partner practice).
Kuzushi The principle of destroying one's partner's balance. In aikido, a technique cannot be properly applied unless one first unbalances one's partner. To achieve proper KUZUSHI, in aikido, one should rely primarily on position and timing, rather than merely on physical force.
Kyu White belt rank. (Or any rank below SHODAN)
Ma Ai Proper distancing or timing with respect to one's partner. Since aikido techniques always vary according to circumstances, it is important to understand how differences in initial position affect the timing and application of techniques.
Mae Front. Thus MAE UKEMI = "forward fall/roll".
Masakatsu "True victory." (see AGATSU and KACHIHAYABI)
Migi Right.
Misogi Ritual purification. Aikido training may be looked upon as a means of purifying oneself; eliminating defiling characteristics from one's mind or personality. Although there are some specific exercises for MISOGI practice, such as breathing exercises, in point of fact, every aspect of aikido training may be looked upon as MISOGI. This, however, is a matter of one's attitude or approach to training, rather than an objective feature of the training itself.
Mokuso Meditation. Practice often begins or ends with a brief period of meditation. The purpose of meditation is to clear one's mind and to develop cognitive equanimity. Perhaps more importantly, meditation is an opportunity to become aware of conditioned patterns of thought and behavior so that such patterns can be modified, eliminated or more efficiently put to use. In addition, meditation may occasion experiences of insight into various aspects of aikido (or, if one accepts certain buddhist claims, into the very structure of reality). Ideally, the sort of cognitive awareness and focus that one cultivates in meditation should carry over into the rest of one's practice, so that the distinction between the "meditative mind" and the "normal mind" collapses.
Mudansha Students without black-belt ranking.
Mushin Literally "no mind". A state of cognitive awareness characterized by the absence of discursive thought. A state of mind in which the mind acts/reacts without hypostatization of concepts. MUSHIN is often erroneously taken to be a state of mere spontaneity. Although spontaneity is a feature of MUSHIN, it is not straightforwardly identical with it. It might be said that when in a state of MUSHIN, one is free to use concepts and distinctions without being used by them.
Nagare Flowing. One goal of aikido practice is to learn not to oppose physical force with physical force. Rather, one strives to flow along with physical force, redirecting it to one's advantage.
Omotokyo One of the so-called "new-religions" of Japan. OMOTOKYO is a syncretic amalgam of Shintoism, Neo-Shinto mysticism, Christianity, and Japanese folk religion. The founder of aikido was a devotee of OMOTOKYO, and incorporated some elements from it into his aikido practice. The founder insisted, however, that one need not be a devotee of OMOTOKYO in order to study aikido or to comprehend aikido's purpose.
Onegai shimasu "I welcome you to train with me," or literally, "I make a request." This is said to one's partner when initiating practice.
Osae waza Pinning techniques.
O-sensei Literally, "Great Teacher," i.e., Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido.
Randori Free-style "all-out" training. Sometimes used as a synonym for JIYU WAZA. Although aikido techniques are usually practiced with a single partner, it is important to keep in mind the possibility that one may be attacked by multiple aggressors. Many of the body movements of aikido (TAI SABAKI) are meant to facilitate defense against multiple attackers.
Reigi Ettiquette. Observance of proper ettiquette at all times (but especially observance of proper DOJO ettiquette) is as much a part of one's training as the practice of techniques. Observation of ettiquette indicates one's sincerety, one's willingness to learn, and one's recognition of the rights and interests of others.
Satori Enlightenment. In Buddhism, enlightenment is characterized by a direct realization or apprehension of the absence of unchanging essences behind phenomena. Rather, phenomena are seen to be empty of such essences -- phenomena exist in thoroughgoing interdependence (ENGI). As characterized by the founder of aikido, enlightenment consists in realizing a fundamental unity between oneself and the (principles governing) the universe. The most important ethical principle the aikidoist should gain insight into is that one should cultivate a spirit of loving protection for all things. (see KU and SHINNYO)
Sensei Teacher. It is usually considered proper to address the instructor during practice as "Sensei" rather than by his/her name. If the instructor is a permanent instructor for one's DOJO or for an organization, it is proper to address him/her as "Sensei" off the mat as well.
Seiza Sitting on one's knees. Sitting this way requires acclimatization, but provides both a stable base and greater ease of movement than sitting cross-legged.
Sempai A student senior to oneself.
Shidoin A formal title meaning, approximately, "instructor."
Shihan A formal title meaning, approximately, "master instructor." A "teacher of teachers."
Shim bu fu satsu "HEAVENLY LOVE DOES NOT KILL " Go to
Shikaku Literally "dead angle." A position relative to one's partner where it is difficult for him/her to (continue to) attack, and from which it is relatively easy to control one's partner's balance and movement. The first phase of an aikido technique is often to establish SHIKAKU.
Shikko Samurai walking ("knee walking"). Shikko is very important for developing a strong awareness of one's center of mass (HARA). It also develops strength in one's hips and legs.
Shinnyo "Thusness" or "suchness." A term commonly used in Buddhist philosophy (and especially in Zen Buddhism) to denote the character of things as they are experienced without filtering the experiences through an overt conceptual framework. There is some question whether "pure" uninterpreted experience (independent of all conceptualization/categorization) is possible given the neurological/cognitive makeup of human beings. However, SHINNYO can also be taken to signify experience of things as empty of individual essences (see "KU").
Shinto "The way of the gods." The indigenous religion of Japan. The founder of aikido was deeply influenced by OMOTOKYO, a religion largely grounded in SHINTO mysticism. (see KAMI)
Suburi Basic JO or BOKKEN practice in striking and thrusting.
Sukashiwaza Techniques performed without allowing the attacker to complete a grab or to initiate a strike. Ideally, one should be sensitive enough to the posture and movements of an attacker (or would-be attacker) that the attack is neutralized before it is fully executed. A great deal of both physical and cognitive training is required in order to attain this ideal.
Suki An opening or gap where one is vulnerable to attack or application of a technique, or where one's technique is otherwise flawed. SUKI may be either physical or psychological. One goal of training is to be sensitive to SUKI within one's own movement or position, as well as to detect SUKI in the movement or position of one's partner. Ideally, a master of aikido will have developed his/her skill to such an extent that he/she no longer has any true SUKI.
Sutemi Literally "to throw-away the body." The attitude of abandoning oneself to the execution of a technique (in judo, a class of techniques where one sacrifices one's own balance/position in order to throw one's partner). (See AI UCHI).
Tachi A type of Japanese sword (thus TACHI-TORI = sword-taking). (Also "standing position").
Tachi Waza Standing techniques.
Taijutsu "Body arts," i.e., unarmed practice.
Tai no henko TAI NO TENKAN = Basic blending practice involving turning 180 degrees.
Tai Sabaki Body movement.
Takemusu Aiki A "slogan" of the founder's meaning "infinitely generative martial art of aiki." Thus, a synonym for aikido. The scope of aikido is not limited only to the standard, named techniques one studies regularly in practice. Rather, these standard techniques serve as repositories of more fundamental principles (KIHON). Once one has internalized the KIHON, it is possible to generate a virtually infinite variety of new aikido techniques in accordance with novel conditions.
Taninsugake Training against multiple attackers, usually from grabbing attacks.
Tanto A dagger.
Tegatana "Hand sword", i.e. the edge of the hand. Many aikido movements emphasize extension and alignment "through" one's tegatana. Also, there are important similarities obtaining between aikido sword techniques, and the principles of tegatana application.
Tenkan Turning movement, esp. turning the body 180 degrees. (see TAI NO TENKAN)
Tenshin A movement where NAGE retreats 45 degrees away from the attack (esp. to UKE's open side).
Uchi "Inside." A class of techniques where NAGE moves, especially, inside (under) the attacker's arm(s). (but also a strike, e.g., SHOMEN UCHI)
Uchi Deshi A live-in student. A student who lives in a dojo and devotes him/herself both to training and to the maintenence of the dojo (and sometimes to personal service to the SENSEI of the dojo).
Ueshiba Kisshomaru The son of the founder of aikido and current aikido DOSHU.
Ueshiba Morihei The founder of aikido. (see O-SENSEI and KAISO).
Ueshiba Moriteru The grandson of the founder and current DOJOCHO at HOMBU DOJO.
Uke Person being thrown (receiving the technique). At high levels of practice, the distinction between UKE and NAGE becomes blurred. In part, this is because it becomes unclear who initiates the technique, and also because, from a certain perspective, UKE and NAGE are thoroughly interdependent.
Ukemi Literally "receiving [with/through] the body," thus, the art of falling in response to a technique. MAE UKEMI are front roll-falls, USHIRO UKEMI are back roll-falls. Ideally, one should be able to execute UKEMI from any position and in any direction. The development of proper ukemi skills is just as important as the development of throwing skills and is no less deserving of attention and effort. In the course of practicing UKEMI, one has the opportunity to monitor the way one is being moved so as to gain a clearer understanding of the principles of aikido techniques. Just as standard aikido techniques provide strategies for defending against physical attacks, so does UKEMI practice provide strategies for defending against falling (or even against the application of an aikido or aikido-like technique!).
Ura "Rear." A class of aikido techniques executed by moving behind the attacker and turning. Sometimes URA techniques are called TENKAN (turning) techniques.
Ushiro Backwards or behind, as in USHIRO UKEMI or falling backwards.
Waza Techniques.
Zanshin Lit. "remaining mind/heart." Even after an aikido technique has been completed, one should remain in a balanced and aware state. ZANSHIN thus connotes "following through" in a technique, as well as preservation of one's awareness so that one is prepared to respond to additional attacks.
Zen A school or division of Buddhism characterized by techniques designed to produce enlightenment. In particular, Zen emphasizes various sorts of meditative practices, which are supposed to lead the practitioner to a direct insight into the fundamental character of reality (see KU and MOKUSO).

 

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